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	<id>https://topospaces.subwiki.org/w/index.php?action=history&amp;feed=atom&amp;title=Refinement</id>
	<title>Refinement - Revision history</title>
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	<updated>2026-05-24T16:43:34Z</updated>
	<subtitle>Revision history for this page on the wiki</subtitle>
	<generator>MediaWiki 1.41.2</generator>
	<entry>
		<id>https://topospaces.subwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Refinement&amp;diff=1534&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Vipul: 2 revisions</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://topospaces.subwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Refinement&amp;diff=1534&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2008-05-11T19:57:51Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;2 revisions&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 19:57, 11 May 2008&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-notice&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;mw-diff-empty&quot;&gt;(No difference)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Vipul</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://topospaces.subwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Refinement&amp;diff=1533&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Vipul at 06:13, 18 August 2007</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://topospaces.subwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Refinement&amp;diff=1533&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2007-08-18T06:13:09Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
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				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
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				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 06:13, 18 August 2007&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l1&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==Definition==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==Definition==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Let &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;U_i, i \in I&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; be a cover of a [[topological space]] &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;X&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;, viz a collection of subsets of &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;X&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; whose union is &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;X&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;. A refinement of &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;U_i&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; is another cover &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;V_j, j \in J&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; such that for any &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;j&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;, there exists an &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;i&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; such that &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;V_j \subseteq U_i&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Let &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;U_i, i \in I&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; be a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;[[&lt;/ins&gt;cover&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;]] &lt;/ins&gt;of a [[topological space]] &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;X&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;, viz a collection of subsets of &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;X&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; whose union is &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;X&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;. A refinement of &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;U_i&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; is another cover &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;V_j, j \in J&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; such that for any &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;j&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;, there exists an &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;i&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; such that &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;V_j \subseteq U_i&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;An &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;open refinement&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; is a refinement where the new cover is an open cover.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;An &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;open refinement&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; is a refinement where the new cover is an open cover.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Vipul</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://topospaces.subwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Refinement&amp;diff=1532&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Vipul at 06:12, 18 August 2007</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://topospaces.subwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Refinement&amp;diff=1532&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2007-08-18T06:12:52Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;New page&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;==Definition==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Let &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;U_i, i \in I&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; be a cover of a [[topological space]] &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;X&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;, viz a collection of subsets of &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;X&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; whose union is &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;X&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;. A refinement of &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;U_i&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; is another cover &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;V_j, j \in J&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; such that for any &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;j&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;, there exists an &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;i&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; such that &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;V_j \subseteq U_i&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;open refinement&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; is a refinement where the new cover is an open cover.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Related notions==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Shrinking]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Expansion]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Vipul</name></author>
	</entry>
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