Gluing lemma for closed subsets

This article is about the statement of a simple but indispensable lemma in topology

Statement

Let $A$ and $B$ be closed subsets of a topological space $X$ whose union is $X$, and $f:A\to Y$ and $g:B\to Y$ be continuous maps such that $f(x)=g(x)\mathrm{\forall }x\in A\cap B$. Then there exists a unique continuous map from $X$ to $Y$ whose restriction to $A$ is $f$ and to $B$ is $g$.

The result can be modified to handle finitely many closed sets which cover $X$; however, it does not cater to arbitrarily many closed sets which cover $X$. This is in contrast with the gluing lemma for open subsets.

Related results

• Gluing lemma for open subsets

Proof

The proof uses the following key facts:

• A map is continuous if and only if the inverse image of any closed subset is closed
• A closed subset of a closed subset is closed. For full proof, refer: Closedness is transitive
• A union of two closed subsets is closed

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Applications

The gluing lemma for closed subsets is one of the many results in point-set topology which is applied everywhere, often without even consciously realizing it. Here are some examples:

• The multiplication defined in the fundamental group and higher homotopy grooups, uses the gluing lemma (to argue that a composite of loops is a loop)
• The fact that homotopies can be composed also uses the gluing lemma
• Many of the proofs involving manifolds, for instance, the proof that the inclusion of a point in a manifold is a cofibration, or the proof that connected manifolds are homogeneous, uses the gluing lemma; we glue an explicit map in a neighbourhood of the point with a constant map outside.