Subspace topology

This article is about a basic definition in topology.
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Definition

Let $(X,\tau )$ be a topological space (viz, a set $X$ endowed with a topology $\tau$) and $A$ be a subset of $X$. The subspace topology or induced topology or relative topology on $A$ can be defined in many equivalent ways. Note that $A$ induced with this topology is a topological space in its own right. Thus, subsets of topological spaces are often also called subspaces.

Definition in open set terms

The subspace topology on $A$ is as follows: a subset of $A$ is open in $A$ if and only if it is the intersection with $A$ of an open subset of $X$.

Definition in closed set terms

The subspace topology on $A$ is as follows: a subset of $A$ is closed in $A$ if and only if it is the intersection with $A$ of a closed subset of $X$.

Definition in basis terms

Given a basis for $\tau$, we can directly use it to define a basis for the subspace topology on $A$. Namely, for each basis open set, replace it by its intersection with $A$.

Definition in subbasis terms

Given a subbasis for $\tau$, we can directly use it to define a basis for the subspace topology on $A$. Namely, for each subbasis open set, replace it by its intersection with $A$.

Definition in terms of maps

The subspace topology is the coarsest topology that can be endowed to $A$, for which the inclusion map from $A$ to $X$, is a continuous map.